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The Appearance of Design and a "Creator"

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The Apologia

Appearance of design implies a designer, and hence a creator,

The Anapologia

Things can be designed by a naturally occurring process like evolution following simple mathematical rules. In fact some fabricated objects were designed using genetic algorithms. Wings and antennas have been designed using GAs. Snowflakes are designed by a process of crystal growth. Things like river systems emerge from the process of evaporation, precipitation and erosion. Even cities emerge from the process of human activity. Machine learning can create predictive models by a process of examining real world data.

Life is definitely unique in that there are generations with inheritance of characteristics which gives rise to the opportunity to continually refine the design. And this has resulted in a fabulously intricate and complex mechanism for specifying and realising the form that organisms take. So evolution not only moulds the various forms that living things take, but moulds the mechanism that stores and translates the information that makes evolution itself possible. So evolution in effect pulls itself up by its bootstraps.


Evolution acts upon the mechanism that produces each phenotype as well as on the phenotype itself and so, as well as playing the game, it gets to write the rules of the game and so is able to "pull itself up with its bootstraps"